Classification and Properties of the major soil in India /2020

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  Most important topic soil of India-

Introduction-

India is situated between 8 and 37" N latitude and 69" and 97 E longitudes. India has a geographical areas of 329 mha, Physiographically, India can be divided into three broad regions- Peninsular, Extra Peninsular and the Indo-Gangetic Plain separating these two regions Geologically, the major part of the Peninsula is under Archean rocks comprisin gneiss, schists and other rocks of diverse. Red 'soils under the order of Alfisols are generally predominat. Some other soils like Inceptisols, Entisols and Vertisols (Black cotton soils). These soils covers the largest areain the

antry and extend over 5,70,000 sq km and constitute the most important soil group of India. These soils are developed mainly from the deposition of silts over the years, of the

vers the Ganges, Brahmaputra and their tributaries Because of wide variation in climatic condition including tempe  the soils of India are of varying types spreading over

fferent states of India. Due to such wide variation, almost all soil orders excepting Andisols, podosols and Gelisols are found in India.

United States comprehensive system of soil classification.

Indian soil map

Red soils -

 Red soils occur mainly in the penisular portion of India and along the east coast moving up to assam in

Nort- east some are found in east central India.

The soil are derivedare  from crystalline granite and metamorphic rocks such as gneisses and schists red

w(when ferric oxides occur as hematite) . Red soils are represented by red loamy soils and red sandy soils occur extensively in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Goa, Daman and Diu, Bastem parts of Andhra Pradesh, Chotanagpur

and less extensively in southeast Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh In the north and north

east, red soils occur in Mirzapur, Jhansi and Hamirpur districts of Uttar Pradesh, major part

of San Payas in Jharkhand and Bihar, Birbhum districts of West Bengal and some part of Bardhaman district in Assam. Meghalaya, Mizoram, Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh and Manipur In general, red soils have low base saturation, poor in nutrient status, low catione exchange capacity (CHC) and low organic matter content having acidic in reaction. A distinctive

Torture of red soils is the high percentage of acid soluble Fe,O, compared with Alio.

In the new US Comprehensive system, the soil may ht in the order of Alfisols (Great groups Paplustalls Rhodustas Palestats Ultisols (Great groups llaplustols, Rhodustults,.

Red Soil

2-Laterite and Lateritic Soils-

is usually reddish or yellowish red in colour and

often has a secular structure. The formation may be massive and firm or it may be in the

form of loose aggregates of nodular ferruginous mass The laterites are formed in tropical and

subtropical states having an alternate wet and dry season. The soils are rich in sesquioxides.

devoid of hases and primary silicate minerals. The soils are widely distributeda and  fouand gently in Hilltops and plateau of Orissa, Maharashtra, Malabar hill, West Bengal Kerala Tamil Nadu and Assam Soils are deeply weathered, high clay content, low base and

silica content, accumulation of sesquioxides and low in organic matter content Kaolinite

11 is the dominant clay mineral of the soils and is formed due to neosynthesis.

With regards to fertility status of these soil they are poor in most nutrients including micronutrient and toxic in alluminium and manganese.

Laterite soil

Alluvial Soil -

Soil of alluvial origin are represented in the soil map under coastal alluvium, coastal sands,
callavium and calcareous sierozem soils. These soils cover the largest
area in the Country and occupy an estimatedarea of 50 m ha in the Indo-Gangetic Plain
and the Brahmaputra Valley. Soils are widely distributed in most states of the country namely, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Assam, Bihar West Bengal, Parts of Jharkhand.
coastal regions of Orissa, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala. 

Characteristically, soils are variable in colour depending upon the source of parent
Material and calcareousness. Texture ranges from very coarse to fine with varying profiled devlopmente (undeveloped to well developed).

Alluvial soils are rich in most plant nutrients
excepting low in nitrogen and organic carbon content. Soils are usually neutral to alkaline
in reaction but it may be acidic in reaction in high rainfall zones like in Assam (Annual rainfall> 2000 mm). The most recent (young alluvial) and sub-recent (old alluvial) soils are
locally classified as "Khadar" and "Bhangar" respectively because of variations resulting
from biological and climatic variations, In the genetic system, these soils were classified as
Alluvial (Azonal) soils. It may not hold good for all such soils as some of these have well
developed profiles and may qualify the zonal soils.

Alluvial soil

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