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Today is information given to weather , climate and climate change .
Wrather is the day-to-day state of the atmosphere, and its short-term variation in minutes to weeks. People generally think of weather as the combination of temperature, humidity, precipitation, cloudiness, visibility, and wind. We talk about changes in weather in terms of the near future: "How hot is it right now?" "What will it be like today?" and "Will we get a snowstorm this week?"
Climate is the weather of a place averaged over a period of time, often 30 years. Climate information includes the statistical weather information that tells us about the normal weather, as well as the range of weather extremes for a location.
Climate ChangeNouna long-term change in the earth's climate, especially a changedue to an increase in the average atmospheric temperature:Melting glaciers imply that life in the Arctic is affected byclimate change.
Climate change is a significant and lasting change in thestatistical distribution of weather patterns over periods rangingfrom decades to millions of years. It may be a change inaverage weather conditions or the distribution of eventsaround that average (i.s., more or fewer extreme weatherevents). Climate change may be limited to a specific region ormay occur across the whole Earth.
Current Issues in Agriculture
Overproduction in short-term, yet food
insecurity for a large population
Stagnation/decline in yields
• Diversification
Natural resource management- SOM
decline, input use efficiencies, narrow
genetic base
Quality and quantity of water resources
Profitability: Increasing cost and
deceleration in TFP growth
Emerging Scenario: Drivers of
Agricultural Transformation
Increasing population leading higher (and
quality) demand of food
Increasing urbanization
Increasing rural migration -tenant farming,
contract and cooperative farming
Increasing inter- and intra-sectoral competition for
resources: land, water, energy, credit
Increasing globalization: removal of trade barriers,
information and communication
• New technologies: Biotechnology, space and
information technology
Increasing privatization of agricultural extension.
Global warming (disambiguation)
is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system. It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming.[
Global warming (disambiguation)
is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system. It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming.[
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The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere. Radiatively active gases in a planet's atmosphere radiate energy in all directions.
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| Green house effect |
Green house gases -
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| Green house gases |
Global climate change
• Global mean temperatures have increased by
0.740C during last 100 years
GHG (CO2, methane, nitrous oxide) increase,
caused by fossil fuel use and land use
changes, main reasons.
Temperatures increase by 1.8-6.4 C by 2100
AD. Greater increase in rabi
Precipitation likely to increase in kharif
Snow cover is projected to contract
• More frequent hot extreme, heavy
precipitations
Sea level to rise to be 0.18-0.59 m.
Other observations of change in
global climate
Globally, hot days, hot nights, and heat
waves have become more frequent.
Frequency of heavy precipitation
events has increased over most land
areas.
Global average sea level rise at an
average rate of 1.8 mm per year over
1961 to 2003.
Global warming (disambiguation)
Other changes in global climate
in future
Tropical cyclones to become more
intense, with heavier precipitation.
Snow cover is projected to contract.
- Hot extreme, heat waves, and heavy
precipitation events will become more
frequent.
The projected sea level rise to be 0.18 -
0.59 meters.
Projected impacts of climate change
on developing countries agriculture
Agricultureal productivity to decrease by 10-40% by
2100.
Greater loss expected in rabi. Every 1°C increase
in temperature reduces wheat production by 4-5
million tons. Loss only 1-2 million tons if farmers
could plant in time.
Reduced frequency of frost damage: less
damage to potato, peas, mustard
Increased droughts and floods are likely to
increase production variability
Projected impacts of climate change
on developing countries agriculture
Imbalance in food trade due to positive impacts
on Europe and N. America, and negative impacts
on us
Increased water, shelter, and energy
requirement for livestock; implications for milk
production
Increasing sea and river water temperatures are
likely to affect fish breeding, migration, and
harvests. Coral reefs start declining from 2030.
Considerable effect on microbes, pathogens,
and insects.
Climate Variability and Climate Change-
Another Driver in Agriculture
Increase in CO2
• Increase in temperature
Change in precipitation
Sea level rise
Variability and extreme events
such as floods and drought.
Projected beneficial impacts of climate change on
developing countries agriculture
Reduced frequency of frost damage:
less damage to potato, peas, mustard
ONew 'flooded' areas may become
available for fisheries in coastal
regions
Other potential benefits, if any, need to
be characterized.
Impacts on Agriculture
May alter spatial and temporal
demands and supply by impacting:
- Food production
- Stability and sustainability
- Employment and Autonomy
- Profitability
- Trade & economy
- Global financial Crisis.
Adaptation and mitigation framework:
Need to consider emerging scenario
• Greater demand for quality) food; yields
need to increase by 30-50% by 2030
Increasing urbanization and globalization
Increasing competition from other sectors
for land, energy, water and capital
Climate change a continuous process;
greater focus on short-term actions on
adaptation and mitigation.
Key adaptation strategies
¢ Assisting farmers in coping with
current climatic risks
¢ Intensifying food production
systems
¢ Improving land and water
management
¢ Enabling policies
¢ Strengthening adaptation research.
Information Needs- Scenarios
Changes in C0, with time
• Spatial and temporal changes in
temperature and rainfall
• Impact on groundwater and surface
water availability, floods and droughts,
sea level rise.
Impact assessment- Information NeedsWhere, how and at what cost food (crops,
livestock products and fish) can be
produced to meet the increasing demand
and/or what alternative technologies would
be needed to meet the desired production
targets?
Which region and the social group would be
more affected as a consequence of global
environmental change?
Adaptations to Climate change
New varieties: drought/heat resistant
New farm management practices
Change in land use
• Watershed management
• Agri-insurance
Mitigation of Climate Change
Feedbacks on Environment
O Agro-forestry systems
Resource conservation
technologies
O Enriching soil organic matter
Biofuels.
Mitigation of Climatic Change/ Feedbacks
on Environment : Information Needs
Can alternate land use systems such as
plantation crops and agroforestry increase
carbon sequestration and yet meet food
demand?
How much area can be taken out from
agriculture for forestry: where and what policy
measures would be needed?
How much carbon is conserved by limited
tillage options? For how long and in which
regions?
What policies and technologies world
encourage the farmers to enrich organic matter
in the soil and thus improve soil health?
conclusions -
• Climate change is a reality
• Indian agriculture is likely to suffer losses
due to heat, erratic weather, and decreased
irrigation availability
• Adaptation strategies can help minimize
negative impacts
These need research, funding, and policy
support
Costs of adaptation and mitigation are
unknown but likely to be high; costs of
inaction could be even higher
Start with 'no-regrets adaptation options
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